A search for an extended Higgs sector, characterized by a massive resonance X decaying to a pair of spin-0 bosons that themselves decay to pairs of bottom quarks, is presented. The analysis is restricted to the mass ranges from 25 to 100 GeV and from 1 to 3 TeV. For these mass ranges, the decay products of each boson are expected to merge into a single large-radius jet. Jet substructure and flavor identification techniques are used to identify these jets. The search is based on CERN LHC proton-proton collision data at 13 TeV, collected with the CMS detector in 2016-2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb. Model-specific limits are set on the product of the production cross section and branching fraction for X as a function of mass, where both the X and branching fractions are assumed to be 100%. These limits are the first of their kind on this process, ranging between 30 and 1 fb at 95% confidence level for the considered mass ranges.