A search for neutral Higgs bosons of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) and for heavy neutral bosons is performed using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb from proton-proton collisions at = 13 TeV recorded by the ATLAS detector at the LHC during 2015 and 2016. The heavy resonance is assumed to decay to with at least one tau lepton decaying to final states with hadrons and a neutrino. The search is performed in the mass range of 0.2-2.25 TeV for the MSSM neutral Higgs bosons and 0.2-4.0 TeV for the heavy neutral boson. The data are in good agreement with the background predicted by the Standard Model. The results are interpreted in MSSM and benchmark scenarios. In the context of the hMSSM scenario, the most stringent limits for the combined search exclude > 1.0 for = 0.25 TeV and > 45 for = 1.5 TeV at the 95% confidence level (CL). For the Sequential Standard Model, a mass up to 2.42 TeV is excluded at 95% CL and masses up to 2.25-2.60 TeV are excluded for a of the Strong Flavour Model.