This paper describes a search for beyond the Standard Model decays of the Higgs boson into a pair of new spin-0 particles subsequently decaying into -quark pairs, , using proton-proton collision data collected by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at center-of-mass energy TeV. This search focuses on the regime where the decay products are collimated and in the range GeV and is complementary to a previous search in the same final state targeting the regime where the decay products are well separated and in the range GeV. A novel strategy for the identification of the decays is deployed to enhance the efficiency for topologies with small separation angles. The search is performed with 36 fb of integrated luminosity collected in 2015 and 2016 and sets upper limits on the production cross-section of , where the Higgs boson is produced in association with a boson.